Foreword xi
Preface xiii
1. Why IPv6? 1
The History of IPv6 4
What’s New in IPv6? 6
Why Do We Need IPv6? 7
Common Misconceptions 10
When Is It Time for IPv6? 12
IPv6 Status and Vendor Support 14
References 14
RFCs 15
2. IPv6 Addressing 17
The IPv6 Address Space 17
Address Types 18
Unicast, Multicast, and Anycast Addresses 19
Some General Rules 19
Address Notation 20
Prefix Notation 21
Global Routing Prefixes 22
Global Unicast Address 23
International Registry Services and Current Address Allocations 23
So How Large Is This Address Space Again? 24
The Interface ID 25
Address Privacy 27
Special Addresses 28
IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses 29
6to4 Addresses 30
6rd Addresses 30
ISATAP Addresses 31
Teredo Addresses 32
Cryptographically Generated Addresses 33
Link-Local and Unique Local IPv6 Addresses 33
Anycast Address 35
Multicast Address 37
Well-Known Multicast Addresses 39
Solicited-Node Multicast Address 41
Mapping Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 42
Dynamic Allocation of Multicast Addresses 42
Required Addresses 44
Default Address Selection 44
References 46
RFCs 46
Drafts 48
3. The Structure of the IPv6 Protocol 49
General Header Structure 49
The Fields in the IPv6 Header 51
Extension Headers 55
Hop-by-Hop Options Header 57
Routing Header 60
Fragment Header 62
Destination Options Header 66
New Extension Header Format 68
Processing of Extension Headers and Header Chain Length 69
References 70
RFCs 70
Drafts 72
4. ICMPv6 73
General Message Format 73
ICMP Error Messages 77
Destination Unreachable 78
Packet Too Big 79
Time Exceeded 80
Parameter Problem 81
ICMP Informational Messages 82
Echo Request Message 82
Echo Reply 83
Processing Rules 84
The ICMPv6 Header in a Trace File 85
Neighbor Discovery 87
Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement 89
Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement 92
The ICMP Redirect Message 94
Inverse Neighbor Discovery 95
Neighbor Discovery Options 95
Secure Neighbor Discovery 97
Router Advertisement in the Trace File 98
Link-Layer Address Resolution 99
Neighbor Unreachability Detection 100
Neighbor Cache and Destination Cache 100
Neighbor Discovery and Fragmentation 102
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 102
Network Renumbering 108
Path MTU Discovery 109
Multicast Listener Discovery 110
MLDv1 112
MLDv2 113
Multicast Router Discovery 117
References 118
RFCs 118
Drafts 121
5. Networking 123
Layer 2 Support for IPv6 123
Ethernet (RFC 2464) 124
Point-to-Point Protocol (RFC 5072) 126
IEEE 802.15.4 (RFC 4944) 127
ATM (RFC 2492) 128
Frame Relay (RFC 2590) 128
Upper-Layer Protocols 128
UDP/TCP and Checksums 128
Multicast 130
Multicast Addressing 131
Group Membership Management 131
Multicast Layer 2 Protocols 132
Multicast Routing 132
Protocol Independent Multicast 132
Routing Protocols 133
The Routing Table 134
RIPng 137
OSPF for IPv6 (OSPFv3) 139
Routing IPv6 with IS-IS 142
EIGRP for IPv6 142
BGP-4 Support for IPv6 143
Routing Protocol Choices for Network Designs with IPv6 144
Quality of Service 146
QoS Basics 147
QoS in IPv6 Protocols 149
Provisioning 153
DHCP 154
DNS 173
References 180
RFCs 180
Drafts 185
6. Security with IPv6 187
General Security Concepts 187
General Security Practices 188
IPsec Basics 190
Security Associations 190
Key Management 191
IPv6 Security Elements 194
Authentication Header 195
Encapsulating Security Payload Header 198
Combination of AH and ESP 200
Interaction of IPsec with IPv6 Elements 201
IPv6 Security “Gotchas” 201
Native IPv6 202
Transition and Tunneling Mechanisms 208
Enterprise Security Models for IPv6 210
The New Model 210
Using Directory Services for Controlling Access 211
IPv6 Firewall Filter Rules 212
References 213
RFCs 213
Drafts 217
7. Transition Technologies 219
Dual-Stack 220
Tunneling Techniques 221
How Tunneling Works 222
Automatic Tunneling 226
Configured Tunneling (RFC 4213) 226
Encapsulation in IPv6 (RFC 2473) 226
Tunneling Mechanisms 229
Network Address and Protocol Translation 257
Stateless IP/ICMP Translation 258
NAT to Extend IPv4 Address Space 260
NAT as an IPv6 Translation Mechanism 265
NPTv6 and NAT66 272
Other Translation Techniques 274
Load Balancing 274
Comparison 275
Dual-Stack 275
Tunneling 275
Translation 276
References 277
RFCs 277
Drafts 281
8. Mobile IPv6 283
Overview 284
Mobile IPv6 Terms 284
How Mobile IPv6 Works 286
The Mobile IPv6 Protocol 288
Mobility Header and Mobility Messages 288
The Binding Update Message 290
The Binding Acknowledgment 291
The Binding Revocation 293
Mobility Options 294
Routing Header Type 2 295
ICMPv6 and Mobile IPv6 296
Home Agent Address Discovery 296
Mobile Prefix Solicitation 297
Changes in Neighbor Discovery (ND) 298
Mobile IPv6 Communication 299
Binding Cache 299
Binding Update List 300
Return Routability Procedure 300
Home Agent Operation 301
Mobile Node Operation 303
Security 307
Extensions to Mobile IPv6 308
NEMO 308
Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 309
Proxy Mobile IPv6 310
Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 310
Flow Binding 311
Fast Handover 311
Support for Dual-Stack Hosts and Routers 311
References 311
RFCs 312
9. Planning for IPv6 315
When to Choose IPv6? 315
Integration Scenarios 316
Organizations 317
ISPs 318
Planning for IPv6 321
Where to Start 323
A Word on Applications 325
Do’s and Don’ts 327
General Design Guidelines 330
Address Plan 330
Where Do You Get Your Address Space From? 339
How Much Space Will You Get? 340
Multihoming with IPv6 342
Cost of Introduction 343
Hardware and Operating Systems 343
Software 344
Education 344
Planning 345
Other Costs 345
References 346
RFCs 346
Drafts 349
A. RFCs 351
B. Recommended Reading 373
Index 375