Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems 豆 0.0分

资源最后更新于 2020-09-08 15:09:09

作者：John H. Holland

出版社：The MIT Press

出版日期：2012-01

ISBN：9780262017831

文件格式： pdf

标签： 系统科学 复杂性 复杂适应系统 复杂性科学 Complexity 科普 认知与心理 英文原版

简介· · · · · ·

Complex adaptive systems (cas), including ecosystems, governments, biological cells, and markets, are characterized by intricate hierarchical arrangements of boundaries and signals. In ecosystems, for example, niches act as semi-permeable boundaries, and smells and visual patterns serve as signals; governments have departmental hierarchies with memoranda acting as signals; and ...