Acknowledgments xi
A Note on Transcription xv
PART A: BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . 11
I. Yinshan zhengyao: Text and Author 11
II. The Rise of the Mongolian Empire 16
III. Mongols as Cultural Intermediaries 20
IV. The Successor States 22
V. Cultural Spheres of the Mongolian World Order 28
Steppes of Mongolia 28
The Mongolian Way of Life 28
Traditional Mongolian Society 31
Traditional Mongolian Foods 35
China 47
The Muslim World 60
2. ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
I. Introduction 79
II. Analysis 87
“Des Goûts Mongols:” the Persistence of the Steppe 87
Mongolian Words and Phrases of the YSZY 90
Mongolian materia dietica et medica 95
Mongolian Recipes 102
Turko-Islamic Influences 105
Terminology 106
Islamic World materia dietetica et medica 113
Turko-Middle Eastern Recipes 116
Bread, Noodle and Grain Foods 116
Sweets 119
Other Recipes from the Islamic World 121
Islamic World Influences on Other Material 121
Assimilation of Other People's Recipes 122
Influence of Arabic Medicine 123
The Chinese Framework 125
Song-Jin-Yuan Correspondence Medicine in the YSZY 128
Origins of Correspondence Medicine 128
The Correspondence System Structures 134
The Correspondence System Illness, Diagnosis and
Treatment 136
Herbal and Dietary Traditions and Their Role in
Correspondence Medicine 138
The Residue of Demons and Folklore 141
Chinese Culinary Traditions and the YSZY 146
The Social Context of YSZY Foodways 154
Conclusion 158
III. Conclusion 158
PART B: TEXT AND TRANSLATION
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
I. Translation 165
II. Weights and Measures 171
III. Cooking with the YSZY 171
PREFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chinese Text 177
Translation 187
JUAN ONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chinese Text 197
Translation 243
JUAN TWO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Chinese Text 309
Translation 363
JUAN THREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Chinese Text 425
Translation 487
PART C: APPENDICES
Appendix One: The Materia Dietetica et Medica 555
Appendix Two: Grain Foods of the Early Turks (Charles
Perry) 571
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
GENERAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629